Aortitis.

Aortitis is defined as an inflammatory process that involves one or more layers of the aortic wall (internal elastic lamina, tunica media, and adventitia) and can be caused by multiple mechanisms. Clinical features are usually nonspecific and a high index of suspicion is required for making the diagnosis. Although noninvasive imaging studies are being increasingly used in evaluating patients for diagnosis, angiography remains the gold standard for confirming aortic involvement. When tissue is available, pathologic examination can aid in clarifying the diagnosis. Aortitis, irrespective of the underlying cause, frequently displays similar clinical, pathologic, and arteriographic features and therefore understandably presents a therapeutic and diagnostic dilemma. Whatever the cause, early identification and aggressive treatment is required in order to avert the potentially life-threatening sequelae. The treatment of aortitis is determined by the underlying cause. If diagnosed early, infectious aortitis responds to appropriate antimicrobial therapy, whereas noninfectious, immune-mediated aortitis requires immunosuppressive therapy. However, in many instances, primarily because of the delay in diagnosis, surgical intervention is necessary to treat the associated anatomic and physiologic sequelae. Less definitive and more controversial is the role of inflammation in both primary and secondary accelerated atherosclerosis of the aorta and its modality of treatment.