Modulation of chemokine receptor expression and chemotactic responsiveness during differentiation of human naive T cells into Th1 or Th2 cells.

Chemokines and their receptors direct movements and encounters of lymphocytes and professional APC into specific microenvironments of lymphoid tissues. Chemokine receptors such as CCR7, CXCR5 and CCR4 that are differentially expressed and modulated in distinct subsets of T cells contribute to establish functionally and spatially segregated microenvironments within secondary lymphoid tissues where T cell activation and differentiation occur. Here, we have explored the modulation of CCR7, CCR4, CCR8 and CXCR5 expression and chemotactic responsiveness to their ligands during commitment of human naive T cells along the Th1 or Th2 differentiation pathway in vitro. Our results document that activation of human naive T cells and differentiation in Th1 or Th2 cells result in progressive down-modulation of CCR7 expression and CCL19 responsiveness. By contrast, expression of CCR4 and responsiveness to CCL22 is rapidly induced at the early stages of both Th1/Th2 cell development. However, while CCR4 expression is further up-regulated upon differentiation into Th2 cells, it is lost on fully differentiated Th1 cells. CCR8 is detected at later time points than CCR4 and exclusively on differentiated Th2 cells as revealed by analysis of mRNA expression and responsiveness to CCL1. Expression of CXCR5 is transiently induced at the early stages of Th cell differentiation, but with distinct kinetics in developing Th1 and Th2 cells. Analysis of human tonsillar CD4(+) T cells reveals a consistent pattern of chemotactic responsiveness and chemokine receptor expression in distinct transitional stages of human T cell activation and differentiation in vivo.