Acetylcholine and potassium elicit different patterns of exocytosis in chromaffin cells when the intracellular calcium handling is disturbed.

During fast superfusion of bovine chromaffin cells with normal Krebs-HEPES solution containing 2 mM Ca2+, pulses of 100 microM ACh or 100 mM K+ of increasing duration (1-5 s) caused similar exocytosis of about 3-4 microC catecholamine. Depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ by pretreatment with 1 microM thapsigargin, 10 mM caffeine and 10 microM ryanodine more than halved the responses to ACh but did not affect the responses to K+ responses. In these ER Ca2+-depleted cells the protonophore carbonylcyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) (20 microM given during the 5 s preceding each pulse) augmented the responses to ACh responses fourfold for all pulse durations applied (1-5 s) whereas responses to K+ were potentiated twofold with 1 to 2 s pulses but were not affected with longer pulse durations. ACh pulses applied to fura-2-loaded cells evoked increases of bulk cytosolic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+](c)) that were substantially smaller than those elicited by K+ pulses. Confocal microscopy of fluo-3-loaded cells showed that ACh pulses elicited discrete and more localized [Ca2+](c) elevations, whereas K+ pulses produced higher [Ca2+](c) transients that spread out quickly throughout the cytosol. These results suggest that mitochondria sense the increase of local [Ca2+](c) elicited by ACh (that evokes firing of action potentials) much better than that induced by K+ (that produces sustained cell depolarisation). This implies that mitochondria are more sensitive to the local [Ca2+](c) changes resulting from the physiological triggering of action potentials by ACh.