Tobacco smoking, nicotine, and nicotine and non-nicotine replacement therapies.

Tobacco smoking is associated with an increased risk for the development of coronary and pulmonary vascular diseases and smoking cessation will greatly reduce this risk. Nicotine replacement and nonnicotine modalities have been used alone and in combination to help in smoking cessation. These treatment modalities appear to be safe in patients with known stable coronary artery disease.