Activation of NF-kappaB by R5 and X4 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 induces macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha in macrophages.

NF-kappaB is a transcriptional activator that often regulates inflammatory responses. We demonstrate that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activates nuclear localization of NF-kappaB in macrophages in a manner dependent upon virus strain but independent of virus replication. Through the use of an inhibitor, NF-kappaB activation was found to be responsible for the cytokine and chemokine induction that we recently reported.