Etiology and management of community-acquired pneumonia in Asia.

The causative organisms of community-acquired pneumonia, especially in Japan and Korea, are essentially similar to those in Western countries. If there are any differences, these are due to the laboratory tests and criteria used to define pathogenicity. Overall, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequently occurring pathogen and Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and viruses follow. Legionella spp. look likely to be low frequency pathogens in Asian countries, but a reason for this might be limitations of the laboratory tests used. A high frequency of Gram-negative bacilli as pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia in some Asian countries may be due to different criteria used to identify disease-causing organisms. A small number of papers about antibiotic resistance have shown no large differences between Asian countries, but considerable differences to Western countries, such as frequency of macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae. Some Asian countries have their own guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia, but these are written in their own languages.