Mechanisms for maintaining extracellular glutamate levels in the anoxic turtle striatum.

The turtle Trachemys scripta is one of a limited group of vertebrates that can withstand hours to days without oxygen. One facet of anoxic survival is the turtle's ability to maintain basal extracellular glutamate levels, whereas in most vertebrates, anoxia triggers massive excitotoxic glutamate release. We investigated glutamate release and reuptake in the anoxic turtle and the effects of adenosine and ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels on glutamate homeostasis. Striatal extracellular glutamate was measured in anesthetized T. scripta by microdialysis in normoxia and over 2-h anoxia. Glutamate release is decreased by 44% in the early anoxic turtle; this anoxia-induced decrease in glutamate release was prevented when K(ATP) channels and adenosine receptors were blocked simultaneously but not when either mechanism was blocked individually. We hypothesize that the continued release and reuptake of glutamate during anoxia help maintain neuronal tone and aid in the recovery of a functional neuronal network after long periods of anoxia, whereas activation of adenosine and/or K(ATP) conserves energy by reducing glutamate release and lowering transport costs.