Etiology of osteosarcoma.

Although the prognosis and quality of life of patients with osteosarcoma were improved significantly during the past decades, the pathogenesis and etiology of this disease remain obscure. Significant interest and effort in this cancer led to the identification of numerous etiologic agents. Several chemical agents such as beryllium, viruses such as FBJ, subsequently found to contain the src-oncogene, and radiation were shown to be potent inducers of osteosarcoma. Paget's disease, electrical burn, or trauma all are thought to be other factors that may contribute to the pathogenesis. More recently, patients with hereditary diseases such as Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Bloom syndrome, and Li-Fraumeni syndrome were found to have an increased risk of having osteosarcoma develop. During the past few years, the molecular analysis brought a wealth of new information with numerous genes that were associated with osteosarcoma and its clinical disease progression. They can be categorized into self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue evasion and metastasis. Although the understanding of these processes in osteosarcoma still is incomplete, it may have the potential to significantly affect the patient care in the future.