B Larian1, B Wong, R L Crumley, B Moeinolmolki, E Muranaka, R H Keates. 1. Division of Head and Neck Surgery-Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of California School of Medicine, Box 951749, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1749, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ocular injuries occur commonly in patients with facial trauma. Patients with significant eye injuries may present with grossly normal eyes and good visual acuity; however, subsequent ocular disorders may become apparent. The estimates of incidence vary considerably. Trauma is the second leading cause of blindness, and a review is, therefore, warranted. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Several extensive studies are reviewed. Blunt and penetrating trauma are examined by their respective subdivisions. The initial assessment and ophthalmologic examination of patients with facial trauma are discussed, and the type of injury that may occur secondary to trauma is delineated. Management is reviewed and discussed, including a recently developed diagnostic scoring system. Three clinical cases illustrate the procedure. RESULTS AND/OR CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of ocular injuries resulting from trauma is difficult. The recently introduced scoring system was found to improve the procedure. Based on this system, the authors have devised an algorithm to assist the clinician, with emphasis on visual acuity and the importance of visual examination.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Ocular injuries occur commonly in patients with facial trauma. Patients with significant eye injuries may present with grossly normal eyes and good visual acuity; however, subsequent ocular disorders may become apparent. The estimates of incidence vary considerably. Trauma is the second leading cause of blindness, and a review is, therefore, warranted. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Several extensive studies are reviewed. Blunt and penetrating trauma are examined by their respective subdivisions. The initial assessment and ophthalmologic examination of patients with facial trauma are discussed, and the type of injury that may occur secondary to trauma is delineated. Management is reviewed and discussed, including a recently developed diagnostic scoring system. Three clinical cases illustrate the procedure. RESULTS AND/OR CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of ocular injuries resulting from trauma is difficult. The recently introduced scoring system was found to improve the procedure. Based on this system, the authors have devised an algorithm to assist the clinician, with emphasis on visual acuity and the importance of visual examination.
Authors: Rüdiger Zimmerer; Katrin Schattmann; Harald Essig; Philipp Jehn; Marc Metzger; Horst Kokemüller; Nils-Claudius Gellrich; Frank Tavassol Journal: Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr Date: 2013-11-20
Authors: Fabio Roccia; Paolo Boffano; Valeria Guglielmi; Paolo Forni; Emanuele Cassarino; Juri Nadalin; Antonio Fea; Giovanni Gerbino Journal: J Emerg Trauma Shock Date: 2011-04