Selective intranuclear redistribution of PPAR isoforms by RXR alpha.

The intracellular localization of transcriptionally active green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimeras linked to PPARs for human PPAR alpha (GFP-PPARh alpha) and mouse PPAR alpha, beta, and gamma 1 (GFP-PPARm alpha, GFP-PPARm beta, and GFP-PPARm gamma, respectively) was examined in the mouse hepatoma cell line, Hepa-1, using fluorescence microscopy. A predominantly nuclear and diffuse distribution of each isoform was found in both the presence and absence of specific ligands for each receptor. GFP-PPARm alpha-G (containing a Glu282Gly substitution of PPARm alpha) and a phosphorylation mutant, GFP-PPARm gamma-A (containing a Ser82Ala substitution of PPARm gamma), exhibited altered transcriptional activities, but displayed similar intracellular localization patterns compared with their respective wild-type receptors. Coexpression of nuclear receptor corepressor suppressed, whereas steroid receptor coactivator-1 enhanced the transcriptional activity of each of the GFP-PPAR isoforms, but did not discernibly alter their intracellular distributions, both in the presence and absence of PPAR ligands. Interestingly, coexpression of the obligate heterodimeric partner of PPARs, RXR alpha, resulted in an intranuclear redistribution of the GFP-PPARm gamma isoform characterized by a reticulated pattern of the green fluorescent label for PPAR gamma within the nucleus, but not in nucleoli, and a heightened concentration of the fluorescent label surrounding nucleolar structures and at the nuclear membrane. Conversely, coexpression of yellow fluorescent protein-RXR alpha and native PPARm gamma resulted in a similar distribution of the yellow fluorescent tag. This localization pattern was not discernibly altered by PPAR gamma or RXR alpha-specific ligands. These results implicate RXR alpha in the nuclear reorganization of PPAR gamma and suggest that PPAR gamma colocalizes with RXR alpha at specific locations within the nucleus independent of added ligand.