Circadian tryptophan hydroxylase levels and serotonin release in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat.

Serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in the regulation of the time-keeping system in rodents. In the present study, we have investigated the interplay between the rhythms of 5-HT synthesis and release in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the rat. The quantitative distribution of tryptophan hydroxylase (TpH) protein was used as an index of 5-HT synthesis, in perikarya and terminals areas. In the raphe medianus, the maximal levels of TpH was reached in the early daytime period, followed by a decrease before the onset of darkness. Conversely, in the axon terminals of the SCN the highest levels of TpH were found before the onset of the dark-period. Furthermore, TpH amount in SCN displays variations depending on the anatomical area of the SCN. Extracellular 5-HT peaked at the beginning of the night, as evidenced by in vivo microdialysis in the SCN. The 5-HT metabolite, 5-HIAA, presented a similar pattern, but the acrophase occurred in the middle of the dark period. These results suggest that TpH is transported from the soma to the nerve terminals in which 5-HT is synthesized during daytime. This would fill the intracellular stores of 5-HT to provide for its nocturnal release.