An update of neuroprotectants in clinical development for acute stroke.

Neuroprotectants are drugs designed to treat stroke by preserving ischemic neurons in the penumbra. Despite numerous studies over the past ten years, no such drug has yet shown clinical efficacy. This article reviews those trials completed since 1999, including assessments of drugs that modify receptors or ion flow, block leukocyte adhesion receptors or stabilize membranes. In addition, ongoing trials and early trials using novel mechanisms of action, such as hypothermia and antioxidants, are discussed.