Subcellular localization of beta-catenin is regulated by cell density.

It is generally accepted that subcellular distribution of beta-catenin regulates its function. Membrane-bound beta-catenin mediates cell-cell adhesion, whereas elevation of the cytoplasmic and nuclear pool of the protein is associated with an oncogenic function. Although the role of beta-catenin in transformed cells is relatively well characterized, little is known about its importance in proliferation and cell-cycle control of nontransformed epithelial cells. Using different approaches we show that in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) beta-catenin is distributed throughout the cells in subconfluent, proliferating cultures. In contrast, beta-catenin is nearly exclusively located at the plasma membrane in confluent, contact-inhibited cells. Hence, we demonstrate for the first time that beta-catenin is translocated from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane in response to high cell density. We conclude that beta-catenin plays an important role in proliferation and mediating contact-inhibition by changing intracellular localization. (C)2002 Elsevier Science (USA).