Fluoroscopic cardiac anatomy for catheter ablation of tachycardia.

The understanding of cardiac anatomy is crucial for the interventional arrhythmologist. In spite of the introduction of several nonfluroscopic navigational tools, some of them capable of reconstructing a computer-based surrogate of the endocardial surface of the heart cavities, simple fluoroscopy with or without the aid of angiographic techniques is still the most widely used method to guide mapping and ablation procedures. In some instances, fluoroscopic and angiographic methods have no possible replacement to unravel certain arrhythmologically useful anatomic landmarks. New interpretations of cardiac architecture show the need to challenge some traditional anatomic views, like the concept of septums within the heart. The fluoroscopic anatomy also needs to be reconsidered in the light of the new attitudinally oriented nomenclature. This article presents an overview of the fluoroscopic anatomy of the heart. When pertinent, some anatomical concepts are discussed in more detail like the triangle of Koch, the pyramidal space, and the interatrial groove. In the sections on the atria and on the ventricles, the authors focus on the anatomic information that is relevant for mapping and ablation from a fluoroscopic viewpoint, providing some hints on how best to depict the morphological features from the stance of the interventional arrhythmologist. The Visible Human Slice and Surface Server using data sets from the Visible Human Male and Female Project, has been used to facilitate the understanding of the fluoroscopic anatomy.