The clinical and economic impact of pharmaceutical care in end-stage renal disease patients.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients are medically complex, require multiple medications for treatments of their various comorbidities, and cost the healthcare system billions of dollars each year. These patients are at risk of drug-related problems (DRPs) that may lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and cost to the healthcare system. Review of the literature demonstrates that pharmaceutical care provided by pharmacists improves ESRD patient care. Pharmacist review of ESRD patients' medication profiles and medical records has shown to be beneficial in identifying and resolving DRPs. Economic analysis suggests that for every $1 spent on pharmaceutical care, the healthcare system saves an estimated $3.98. Provision of pharmaceutical care by pharmacists should be consdiered for all ESRD patients.