Partially folded structure of flavin adenine dinucleotide-depleted ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase with residual NADP+ binding domain.

Maize ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase (FNR) consists of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and NADP(+) binding domains with a FAD molecule bound noncovalently in the cleft between these domains. The structural changes of FNR induced by dissociation of FAD have been characterized by a combination of optical and biochemical methods. The CD spectrum of the FAD-depleted FNR (apo-FNR) suggested that removal of FAD from holo-FNR produced an intermediate conformational state with partially disrupted secondary and tertiary structures. Small angle x-ray scattering indicated that apo-FNR assumes a conformation that is less globular in comparison with holo-FNR but is not completely chain-like. Interestingly, the replacement of tyrosine 95 responsible for FAD binding with alanine resulted in a molecular form similar to apo-protein of the wild-type enzyme. Both apo- and Y95A-FNR species bound to Cibacron Blue affinity resin, indicating the presence of a native-like conformation for the NADP(+) binding domain. On the other hand, no evidence was found for the existence of folded conformations in the FAD binding domains of these proteins. These results suggested that FAD-depleted FNR assumes a partially folded structure with a residual NADP(+) binding domain but a disordered FAD binding domain.