Implantation in the nine-banded armadillo: how does a single blastocyst form four embryos?

In the course of a study on reproduction in the nine-banded armadillo, conceptuses between the beginning of implantation and primitive streak formation were examined to determine the manner of trophoblast differentiation during invasion of the endometrium and the sequence involved in formation of four identical quadruplets. The armadillo blastocyst implants in the fundic recess of the uterus. A single amnion and cup-shaped epiblastic plate are formed, and an exocelom develops between the amnion and trophoblast of the implantation site. Loss of the abembryonic trophoblast exposes both visceral and parietal endoderm to the uterine lumen, inverting the yolk sac. Continued expansion of the exocelom facilitates the intrusion of the forming conceptus into the uterine lumen and is accompanied by enlargement of the epiblastic plate. Separate areas of condensations of epiblast cells are the first indication of formation of the four identical quadruplets. The single layer of microvillous trophoblast with basal infoldings (designated absorptive trophoblast) is most likely to contribute extensively to movement of fluid into the exocelom. The resulting expansion of the exocelom not only enlarges the implantation site but also displaces the collapsing common amnion, limiting the amnion to the areas of the forming embryos. Copyright 2002 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.