High-dose chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer.

Based on in vitro and animals studies which assess dose effect relationship specially for alkylating agent, and on the importance on dose intensity in human protocols, high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell support has been widely evaluated in various tumours, particularly in breast cancer. Moreover, in the last few years, the utilization of hematopoietic growth factors and peripheral stem cells has permitted a large diffusion of this approach. However, there is not yet clear data on the place of such a treatment in breast cancer. Few randomized trials are available, with mature data. Only one shows an advantage for high-dose therapy in metastatic disease. In adjuvant setting, sample sizes are too small or follow-up not long enough to draw any definitive conclusion on the place of high-dose consolidation chemotherapy in breast cancer. In inflammatory breast cancer, which is a much more less frequent disease, encouraging results have been published in phase two studies, looking at pathological response, or in pilot studies. The next few years will give a mature date of randomized trials which evaluate high-dose chemotherapy given after conventional treatment in metastatic or high risk disease. Effort should be done to better evaluate this strategy in terms of cost and quality of life and to design new studies aimed to evaluate front line multiple intensification.