BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein E (apoE) mediates lipoprotein uptake by receptors such as the LDL receptor (LDLR). The isoform apoE4 has been linked to Alzheimer's disease and to poor outcomes after brain injury. Astrocytes that induce blood brain barrier (BBB) properties in endothelium also produce apoE. We decided to investigate the role of apoE in BBB function and in the restoration of BBB after brain injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wild-type (WT) mice and mice deficient in apoE or LDLR were fed normal chow or diets rich in fat and cholesterol. The BBB leakage was determined through injection of Evans blue dye and measurement of the amount of dye extravasated in the brains 3 hours later. Brain injury was induced by applying dry ice directly onto the excised parietal region of the brain. The mice were given 7 days to recover. In some experiments, peroxidase was infused to observe the site of leakage by histology. RESULTS: We found 70% more spontaneous leakage of injected Evans blue dye in the brains of apoE-/- mice than in wild type. This increase in permeability appeared selective for the brain. The leaky BBB in apoE-/- mice may provide an explanation for the neurological deficits seen in these animals. In an established model of BBB leakage induced by trauma (cold injury), the apoE-/- mice showed even more compromised BBB function, compared with WT mice, suggesting that apoE is important for BBB recovery. No deficit in BBB was observed in injured LDLR-/- mice, even on Western Diet. In contrast, higher plasma cholesterol levels in apoE-/- mice further increased BBB leakage after injury. We extracted 5x more Evans blue from these brains than from WT. In the injury model, injection of peroxidase resulted in prominent retention of this protein in the cortex of apoE-/- but not in WT. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the combination of loss of apoE function with high plasma cholesterol and especially brain injury results in dramatic BBB defects in the cortex and may explain in part the importance of apoE in Alzheimer's disease and in successful recovery from brain injury.
BACKGROUND:Apolipoprotein E (apoE) mediates lipoprotein uptake by receptors such as the LDL receptor (LDLR). The isoform apoE4 has been linked to Alzheimer's disease and to poor outcomes after brain injury. Astrocytes that induce blood brain barrier (BBB) properties in endothelium also produce apoE. We decided to investigate the role of apoE in BBB function and in the restoration of BBB after brain injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wild-type (WT) mice and mice deficient in apoE or LDLR were fed normal chow or diets rich in fat and cholesterol. The BBB leakage was determined through injection of Evans blue dye and measurement of the amount of dye extravasated in the brains 3 hours later. Brain injury was induced by applying dry ice directly onto the excised parietal region of the brain. The mice were given 7 days to recover. In some experiments, peroxidase was infused to observe the site of leakage by histology. RESULTS: We found 70% more spontaneous leakage of injected Evans blue dye in the brains of apoE-/- mice than in wild type. This increase in permeability appeared selective for the brain. The leaky BBB in apoE-/- mice may provide an explanation for the neurological deficits seen in these animals. In an established model of BBB leakage induced by trauma (cold injury), the apoE-/- mice showed even more compromised BBB function, compared with WT mice, suggesting that apoE is important for BBB recovery. No deficit in BBB was observed in injured LDLR-/- mice, even on Western Diet. In contrast, higher plasma cholesterol levels in apoE-/- mice further increased BBB leakage after injury. We extracted 5x more Evans blue from these brains than from WT. In the injury model, injection of peroxidase resulted in prominent retention of this protein in the cortex of apoE-/- but not in WT. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the combination of loss of apoE function with high plasma cholesterol and especially brain injury results in dramatic BBB defects in the cortex and may explain in part the importance of apoE in Alzheimer's disease and in successful recovery from brain injury.
Authors: Robert D Bell; Ethan A Winkler; Itender Singh; Abhay P Sagare; Rashid Deane; Zhenhua Wu; David M Holtzman; Christer Betsholtz; Annika Armulik; Jan Sallstrom; Bradford C Berk; Berislav V Zlokovic Journal: Nature Date: 2012-05-16 Impact factor: 49.962
Authors: Elena A Tukhovskaya; Alexey Yu Yukin; Oksana N Khokhlova; Arkady N Murashev; Michael P Vitek Journal: J Neurosci Res Date: 2009-02-15 Impact factor: 4.164
Authors: Soomin Shin; Katharine A Walz; Angela S Archambault; Julia Sim; Bryan P Bollman; Jessica Koenigsknecht-Talboo; Anne H Cross; David M Holtzman; Gregory F Wu Journal: J Neuroimmunol Date: 2014-03-29 Impact factor: 3.478