Enumeration of small ciliates in culture by flow cytometry and nucleic acid staining.

We developed a fast and simple protocol for accurate quantification of small freshwater ciliates by flow cytometry (FCM). The ciliates were stained with several nucleic acid stains such as TO-PRO-1, YO-YO-1 and PicoGreen, and analysed by a commercially available flow cytometer. The method was tested with cultures of the prostomatid species Urotricha farcta and Balanion planctonicum, including the small cryptophyte Cryptomonas sp. as food. Of the dyes tested, TO-PRO-1 gave the best results. Flow cytometric results agreed well with microscopic counts. Due to its greater speed and accuracy, FCM was superior to light microscopy. FCM was also superior to electronical particle counting and sizing (EPCS). Of particular importance, FCM in combination with TO-PRO-1 staining allowed unequivocal discrimination in cases of overlapping size distributions between the target population (i.e., the ciliate predators) and other particles (the cryptophyte prey, detritus).