Pacemapping of the triangle of Koch: a simple method to reduce the risk of atrioventricular block during radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia.

Slow pathway ablation in common AVNRT can be complicated by total AV block. When radiofrequency energy is delivered to the posterior aspect of the triangle of Koch, total AV block may be the consequence of the absence of anterograde conduction along the fast pathway or of inadvertent damage to a fast pathway abnormally located close to the slow pathway. To localize the anterogradely conducting fast pathway, the triangle of Koch was pacemapped in 72 patients who underwent the ablation of common AVNRT. In all cases, before ablation the St-H interval was calculated by stimulating the anteroseptal (AS), mid-septal (MS), and posteroseptal (PS) aspect of the triangle of Koch at a rate slightly faster than the sinus rate. In all patients, common AVNRT was induced. In 64 (89%) of 72 patients (group A) the shortest St-H interval was recorded on stimulating the AS region. In six (8%) patients (group B) the shortest St-H interval was recorded on stimulating the MS region. Finally, in two (3%) patients (group C) the shortest St-H interval was recorded stimulating in the PS region. In group C, AH interval, calculated on stimulating in the AS region, was significantly longer than in patients of groups A and B (200 +/- 99 ms vs 64 +/- 18 and 62 +/- 3, respectively). In group A, on stimulating in the AS, MS, and PS regions, the AH interval remained constant in all patients. In contrast, in groups B and C on stimulation in the MS and PS regions, AH interval shortened (in group B from 56 +/- 8 to 27 +/- 37 and 37 +/- 14, respectively; in group C from 200 +/- 99 to 170 +/- 100 and to 137 +/- 109, respectively). In groups A and B, a posteroseptal slow pathway, and in group C, an anteroseptal retrograde fast pathway were successfully ablated without AV block. Pacemapping of the triangle of Koch can help to recognize patients in whom the anterograde conducting fast pathway is abnormally located far from the anteroseptal region or in whom anterograde conduction of the fast pathway is absent. In these cases the risk of AV block can be reduced by performing slow pathway ablation in a site sufficiently far from the site of the anterograde fast pathway or ablating the retrogradely conducting fast pathway.