Animal models and programming of the metabolic syndrome.

The purpose of this review is to consider how current animal models of fetal programming contribute to knowledge of the metabolic syndrome in adult humans. Low birth weight infants have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular and coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and stroke in adulthood. A number of animal studies confirm the association between events during fetal life and subsequent adult disease. This review considers how these have contributed to our understanding of this relationship, and how they may help to uncover the underlying mechanisms. The importance of dietary, pharmacological, genetic and surgical models is assessed, and their usefulness in the prevention of human disease evaluated. Although progress has been made, further investigations using animals are needed to clarify the mechanisms involved in the programming of adult disease. Once these processes are understood, it may be possible to identify and protect at-risk individuals.