Maternal behavior and developmental psychopathology.

This paper reviews recent developments in the phenomenology, neurobiology, and genetics of maternal behavior in animal model systems from an evolutionary perspective on psychopathology. Following a review of the phenomenology and neurobiology of maternal behavior, recent studies addressing the role of genetic factors in the maternal behavior of rodents were identified in a search of literature in peer-reviewed journals. Gene knockout studies were evaluated with regard to mouse strain background, method of behavioral phenotyping, and quantification of the behavioral deficits. Gene knockout data were then analyzed using a cluster analysis technique. At least nine genes have been identified that are necessary for the expression of one or more aspects of maternal behavior. These genes encode for three transcription factors: three enzymes, including dopamine beta hydroxylase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase; two receptors, including the prolactin and the estrogen alpha receptor; and one neuropeptide, oxytocin. Cluster analysis suggested possible relationships between specific genes. Gene knockout technology has provided new insights into the molecular basis of maternal behavior that are congruent with the existing neurobiological literature. Future studies of genetic and environmental influences on maternal behavior have the potential to inform models of disease pathogenesis.