Novel, wide bandwidth, micromachined ultrasonic transducers.

Surface micromachined, capacitive ultrasonic transducers have been fabricated using a low thermal budget, CMOS-compatible process. This process allows inherent control of parameters such as membrane size and thickness, cavity size and the intrinsic stress in the membrane to be achieved. Devices fabricated using this process exhibit interesting properties for transduction in air at frequencies in excess of 1 MHz when driven from a standard ultrasonic voltage source. Experiments have been performed with devices containing silicon nitride membranes of variable thicknesses over a 2 microm thick air cavity and with device dimensions of up to 5 mm square. This is much larger than has been reported for a device with a single membrane. Calibration measurements using 1/8 inch microphones in air, and miniature PVDF hyrdophones in water, have been performed. The dependence on d.c. bias voltage is examined, involving static membrane deflection measurements and received peak voltages. Pulse-echo and pitch-catch mode operation have been achieved. Interferometric measurements of membrane displacement have been performed in air to illustrate the membrane deflection characteristics. Operation in liquids is also discussed.