[Prophylaxis with tercef of infection-related complications after cesarean section].

The purpose of this prospective and case controlled study is to determine the effectiveness and safety of antibiotic prophylaxis with Tercef (ceftriaxone) in women undergoing cesarean section and to compare the results with those of 24 hours regiment of Cefazolin and also with a group without prophylaxis. The study includes 122 cases of elective and emergency CS: 41 with a single intravenous dose of 1.0 g Tercef after clamping of the umbilical cord; 41 cases of antibiotic prophylaxis with Cefazolin three times 2.0 g for 24 hours and 40 low infectious risk CS without antibiotic prophylaxis. We take in account the existing before the CS risk factors for postoperative infectious complications as: hours of PROM; length of labor, number of vaginal examinations before CS, previous sections, duration of the operation, anemia, bacteriuria and diabetes. For post CS infection-related complications we take: febrile morbidity, endometritis, wound infections, infection of urinary tract. The results show infection complication in the three groups as follow: 14.6% for tercef, 17.1% for cefazolin and 20.0% for the group without antibiotic. There is not statistically significant difference. According our study in cases of CS with increased risk of post-operative infectious complications the antibiotic prophylaxis reduce the rate of infection-related complications even below that of CS with low infectious risk. The single dose of 1 g tercef i.v. is effective and suitable in comparison with 24 hours regiment of cefazolin.

Parasites belonging to the genus Cryptosporidium are an important and widespread cause of enteric disease in humans and in many other vertebrates. The most commonly identified etiologic agent of human cryptosporidiosis is Cryptosporidium parvum (, which, based on the molecular characterization of oocysts, can be divided into two genetically distinct subpopulations: genotype 1 (or the “anthroponotic genotype”), which is associated exclusively with human infection; and genotype 2 (the “zoonotic genotype”), which is associated with both human and animal infection (2). For many years, C. parvum was considered to be the only etiologic agent of human infection. However, the use of molecular tools with a greater capacity to detect and differentiate strains has resulted in the identification of other human pathogens: C. felis, C. meleagridis, the C. parvum dog genotype, and possibly C. muris (.

In Italy, all Cryptosporidium oocysts detected in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed persons have been identified as C. parvum (. In this report, we describe the first Italian case of a human C. felis infection, which occurred in an HIV-positive man who, in spite of a very low CD4+ cell count, successfully recovered with paromomycin treatment.

The Study

On December 12, 2000, a 42-year-old homosexual man with severe diarrhea was admitted as an outpatient to the Umberto I° University Medical Center in Rome, Italy. The man had been diagnosed with Hepatitis B virus infection in 1982 and with HIV infection in 1988. In 1989, his CD4+ cell count had reached 189/mm3, and he started antiretroviral therapy with zidovudine. He was later treated with all nucleoside analogs (individually or combined), and in 1996 he began treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The specific HAART regimen was changed several times because of his poor immunologic and virologic response. In the course of years, the man had many episodes of oral candidiasis, which were responsive to fluconazole therapy. In July 2000, he weighed 87 kg and had a CD4+cell count of 52/mm3; at that time, HAART was changed to include ritonavir, indinavir, stavudine, and didanosine. In November 2000, the patient had isolated episodes of diarrhea, but feces were not investigated for the presence of parasites. At the beginning of December 2000, he was affected by impetigo, which was treated with erythrocine (1800 mg/day). Two days after beginning that therapy, he began to have up to 10 episodes of diarrhea per day. Erythrocine was interrupted after 3 days, and, in the period of 1 week, the patient lost 9 kg. Stool specimens were tested for a wide panel of enteric pathogens (bacteria, viruses, helminths, and protozoa, including microsporidia). The parasitologic examination of stools showed Cryptosporidium oocysts (3x106 oocysts/mL of feces). The oocyst diameter was in the range of 4.5-4.9 _m. Oocysts reacted strongly with two monoclonal antibodies conjugated with fluorescein (MeriFluor, Meridian Diagnostics, Cincinnati, OH; Cryptosporidium Immunofluorescence Test, Microgen Bioproducts Ltd, UK). No other pathogen was found in the specimens. The patient was treated with paromomycin (1 g, 3 times/day). On the second day of treatment, the diarrhea promptly resolved, decreasing from 10 to 2 bouts per day. Paromomycin treatment was continued until mid-February (CD4+ cell count 31/mm3) without further diarrheal episodes, and stools were negative for Cryptosporidium.

DNA was extracted from the whole feces according to the FastPrep method of da Silva et al. (, and the diagnostic fragment of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu-rRNA) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the primer set CPBDIAGF and CPBDIAGR (. The sequence of the PCR product was determined, and a comparison with all ssu-rRNA Cryptosporidium sequences available in databanks revealed 100% similarity with the homologous fragment of C. felis (accession number AF087577). To obtain additional information on the nature of the species, a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay (primer set cry9 and cry15) ( that targets a fragment of a Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene was used (. This second analysis confirmed the identification of C. felis (Figure).

Figure

Electrophoretic separation of Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene-polymerase chain reaction products digested with the endonuclease RsaI. Lane M, 50-bp size ladder; CpH, Cryptosporidium parvum human genotype; CpC C. parvum calf genotype; Cw, C. wrairi; Cf, C. felis; Cb, C. baileyi; Cs, C. serpentis; Cm, C. muris.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the only case of a C. felis infection for which the clinical course and the response to therapy have been reported. Although the literature contains numerous reports of paromomycin treatment of human Cryptosporidium infection, the results regarding the efficacy of paromomycin are contrasting, possibly because it was always assumed that the etiologic agent was C. parvum. The current knowledge that several species and genotypes can infect humans suggests that the efficacy of paromomycin could depend on the specific Cryptosporidium species/genotype and its susceptibility to this drug. In our case report, the infected person had a very low CD4+ count, which has been considered as one of the most important factors in the failure of paromomycin treatment (,). The concomitance of the erythrocine treatment and severe watery diarrhea suggests that the drug had altered the intestinal flora and, in turn, favored the growth of the parasite. A concomitant influence of paromomycin treatment and the interruption of erythrocine treatment can be also postulated.

There have been 14 cases of human infections with C. felis reported; all have occurred in the past 3 years (–). These cases occurred in North and South America, Africa, and Europe, and they involved both immunocompetent (n=4) and immunosuppressed (n=10) persons.

There have also been cases of human cryptosporidiosis in which cats were identified as the source for human infection, yet the species of Cryptosporidium remained unknown. Glaser et al. ( examined the association between Cryptosporidium infection and animal exposure in HIV-infected persons and concluded that only dog ownership presents a risk, although minimal; no significant risk was associated with cat ownership. However, cats have been successfully experimentally infected with C. parvum oocysts of human and bovine origin, and a C. felis infection of a cow has been demonstrated (. These data show not only that the host specificity of some of the Cryptosporidium species that infect mammals is less restricted than previously thought but also that there is a complex circulation of species in the environment. Under such circumstances, it is often difficult to trace the source of an infection. In our case, the C. felis-infected person did not have a cat at home, but the city where he lives (Rome) is home to a plethora of stray and domestic cats (approximately 0.1 cat per inhabitant). Infection may have occurred upon accidental contact with oocysts in the environment. The public health importance of Cryptosporidium parasites other than C. parvum needs to be assessed.