Successful allogeneic stem cell transplantation from an unrelated donor for aggressive Epstein-Barr virus-associated clonal T-cell proliferation with hemophagocytosis.

We present here a case of aggressive Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated clonal T-cell proliferation with hemophagocytosis that was successfully treated by allogeneic stem cell transplantation using an unrelated donor. A 17-year-old woman was admitted into the hospital with a high fever and liver dysfunction. Laboratory data including bone marrow aspiration revealed hemophagocytic syndrome with proliferation of immature T-lymphoid cells. The clonal proliferation of EBV-infected T cells was confirmed by Southern blot analysis using a terminal-repeat probe from the EBV genome and also by demonstrating T cell-receptor beta gene rearrangement. Intensive immunochemotherapy consisting of cyclosporin A, vincristine, etoposide, and high-dose methylprednisolone did not control the disease and relapse occurred repeatedly. Therefore, during remission after chemotherapy according to the CHOP-E regimen, the patient underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from an HLA-matched, unrelated donor. Donor selection was performed with help from the Japanese Association for Marrow Donor Program (JMDP). The patient has remained in good condition without recurrence of disease for 18 months after BMT. Allogeneic BMT is the treatment of choice for aggressive EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis even in the case where an HLA-matched sibling donor is not available, especially when the patient is refractory to intensive chemotherapy and/or there is a ready recurrence of disease after conventional therapy.