BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in pancreatic cancer progression. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of overexpression of a natural tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP-1) on pancreatic cancer cell growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. METHODS: A poorly differentiated human pancreatic cancer cell line (PANC-1) underwent gene transfection to overexpress TIMP-1 (CD-1 cells). One million PANC-1 or CD-1 cells were injected into 40 nude mice subcutaneously (N = 20) or orthotopically (N = 20). Mice were sacrificed at 120 days. TIMP-1 overexpression by CD-1 cells was confirmed prior to injection and after necropsy. Immunohistochemical staining was undertaken after necropsy to evaluate tumors for TIMP-1, MMP-2, apoptosis (TUNEL), and angiogenesis (CD-31). RESULTS: Tumors of CD-1 cells were less likely to implant (35% vs 70%, P = 0.05) and grew to smaller size (0.5 g +/- 0.03 vs 1.5 g +/- 0.20, P < 0.001) than tumors of PANC-1 cells. As well, subcutaneous CD-1 tumors appeared later than PANC-1 tumors (45 days +/- 2.0 vs 27 days +/- 2.2, P < 0.001). Orthotopic CD-1 tumors metastasized less often than PANC-1 tumors (20% vs 60%, P < 0.05). MMP-2 expression was similar in PANC-1 and CD-1 tumors, while CD-1 tumors showed increased TIMP-1 expression, increased apoptosis, and decreased angiogenesis relative to PANC-1 tumors. CONCLUSIONS: TIMP-1 overexpression reduces pancreatic cancer cell implantation, growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis, while increasing tumor apoptosis, all without altering MMP-2 production. This study demonstrates the potential role of TIMP-1 as a target in gene therapy for pancreatic cancer. (c)2002 Elsevier Science.
BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in pancreatic cancer progression. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of overexpression of a natural tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP-1) on pancreatic cancer cell growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. METHODS: A poorly differentiated humanpancreatic cancer cell line (PANC-1) underwent gene transfection to overexpress TIMP-1 (CD-1 cells). One million PANC-1 or CD-1 cells were injected into 40 nude mice subcutaneously (N = 20) or orthotopically (N = 20). Mice were sacrificed at 120 days. TIMP-1 overexpression by CD-1 cells was confirmed prior to injection and after necropsy. Immunohistochemical staining was undertaken after necropsy to evaluate tumors for TIMP-1, MMP-2, apoptosis (TUNEL), and angiogenesis (CD-31). RESULTS:Tumors of CD-1 cells were less likely to implant (35% vs 70%, P = 0.05) and grew to smaller size (0.5 g +/- 0.03 vs 1.5 g +/- 0.20, P < 0.001) than tumors of PANC-1 cells. As well, subcutaneous CD-1 tumors appeared later than PANC-1 tumors (45 days +/- 2.0 vs 27 days +/- 2.2, P < 0.001). Orthotopic CD-1 tumors metastasized less often than PANC-1 tumors (20% vs 60%, P < 0.05). MMP-2 expression was similar in PANC-1 and CD-1 tumors, while CD-1 tumors showed increased TIMP-1 expression, increased apoptosis, and decreased angiogenesis relative to PANC-1 tumors. CONCLUSIONS:TIMP-1 overexpression reduces pancreatic cancer cell implantation, growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis, while increasing tumor apoptosis, all without altering MMP-2 production. This study demonstrates the potential role of TIMP-1 as a target in gene therapy for pancreatic cancer. (c)2002 Elsevier Science.
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