Thoracic aortic and thoracic vascular injuries.

Patients with thoracic vascular injuries fall into two groups: those who are exsanguinating and require an empiric operation with a high mortality and those with contained injuries that permit preoperative evaluation. The unstable group requires judgment to determine the appropriate empiric position, exposure, and operation. Unlike abdominal trauma, which is addressed by way of a midline incision, there are multiple thoracic incisions that can be used to access thoracic vascular injuries. Thus, the stable group may benefit from preoperative imaging, which then can suggest a patient position, incision, and operative approach. Avoiding overaggressive resuscitation, obtaining appropriate imaging studies, choosing an operative strategy to achieve proximal and distal control, and using adjuncts based on the injury can make the care of these patients a rewarding but challenging activity.