Control of rat mammary epithelium proliferation by conjugated linoleic acid.

Past research showed that mammary gland morphogenesis in the pubescent rat was retarded by the feeding of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). A major objective of the present study was to examine the proliferative activity and the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins in the developing mammary epithelium of rats fed a mixture of CLA isomers (primarily as free fatty acid c9, t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA) or a highly enriched natural source of c9,t11-CLA (as triacylglycerol in butterfat). In both experiments, the diets, with or without CLA, were started at weaning and continued for four weeks. The two CLA preparations were equally effective in suppressing bromodeoxyuridine labeling and the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin A (determined by immunohistochemistry) in the terminal end buds and alveolar clusters of the mammary epithelium while it undergoes extensive ductal branching during pubescence. There was a trend of an increase, although not statistically significant, in the proportion of cells expressing the p16 and p27 cdk inhibitors. A separate experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of c9,t11-CLA (as a free fatty acid of > 90% purity) treatment on the rate of proliferation of the mammary epithelium as the animal matured from weanling to adult. The bromodeoxyuridine labeling data indicated that the mammary epithelium appeared to lose its sensitivity to CLA control of proliferation as it completely filled the fat pad and became quiescent. These observations suggest that the responsiveness of mammary epithelial cells to CLA intervention may be dependent on their proliferative status.