Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isoforms and inhibition of prostaglandin H(2) synthases by ibuprofen, naproxen, and indomethacin.

A series of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [S(+)-naproxen, ibuprofen isomers, and indomethacin] were evaluated for their activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma isoforms in CV-1 cells co-transfected with rat PPAR alpha and gamma, and peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE)-luciferase reporter gene plasmids, for stimulation of peroxisomal fatty acyl CoA beta-oxidase activity in H4IIEC3 cells, and for comparative inhibition of ovine prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase (PGHS)-1 and PGHS-2 and arachidonic acid-induced human platelet activation. Each drug produced a concentration-dependent activation of the PPAR isoforms and fatty acid beta-oxidase activity, inhibition of human arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation and serotonin secretion, and inhibition of PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 activities. For PPARalpha activation in CV-1 and H4IIEC3 cells, and the stimulation of fatty acyl oxidase activity in H4IIEC3 cells, the rank order of stereoselectivity was S(+)- ibuprofen > R(-)-ibuprofen; S(+)-ibuprofen was more potent than indomethacin and naproxen on these parameters. On PPARgamma, the rank order was S(+)-naproxen > indomethacin > S(+)-ibuprofen > R(-)-ibuprofen. Each drug inhibited PGHS-1 activity and platelet aggregation with the same rank order of indomethacin > S(+)-ibuprofen > S(+)-naproxen > R(-)-ibuprofen. Notably, the S(+)-isomer of ibuprofen was 32-, 41-, and 96-fold more potent than the R(-)-isomer for the inhibition of PGHS-1 activity, human platelet aggregation, and serotonin secretion, respectively. On PGHS-2, the ibuprofen isomers showed no selectivity, and indomethacin, S(+)-ibuprofen, and S(+)-naproxen were 6-, 27-, and 5-fold more potent as inhibitors of PGHS-1 than PGHS-2 activity. These results demonstrate that the mechanisms of action of NSAIDs on these cell systems are different, and we propose that the pharmacological effects of NSAIDs may be related to both their profile of inhibition of PGHS enzymes and the activation of PPARalpha and/or PPARgamma isoforms.