Pyelonephritis in pregnancy: treatment options for optimal outcomes.

Acute pyelonephritis is one of the most common indications for antepartum hospitalisation. When acute pyelonephritis is diagnosed, conventional treatment includes intravenous fluid and parenteral antibacterial administration. There are limited data by which to assess the superiority of one antibacterial regimen over the other in terms of efficacy, patient acceptance and safety for the developing fetus. There is a small body of evidence to support the ambulatory treatment of pregnant women with pyelonephritis in the first and early second trimesters.