Neuropsychiatric complications of liver transplantation.

Liver transplantation (LT) is the best treatment for end-stage liver diseases but it entails a high incidence of neuropsychiatric complications. These may be related to the operation or occur postoperatively, usually within the first month. The occurrence of neurological problems after LT increases the risk of mortality. The etiology of such complications is various, often multifactorial, immunosuppression being one of the most important causes. Immunosuppressive drugs may cause a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric complications--mainly affecting the CNS--ranging from mild to severe disorders. A survey of the most frequent disorders is presented. In the management of liver-transplanted patients, the awareness of potential neurological and psychiatric problems is crucial for patients' survival, since it assists clinicians in prevention, prompt diagnosis, and treatment.