Differential regulatory mechanism of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase isoforms.

We have previously demonstrated that the alpha isoform of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaM-KKalpha) is strictly regulated by an autoinhibitory mechanism and activated by the binding of Ca(2+)/CaM [Tokumitsu, H., Muramatsu, M., Ikura, M., and Kobayashi, R. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 20090-20095]. In this study, we find that rat brain extract contains Ca(2+)/CaM-independent CaM-KK activity. This result is consistent with an enhanced Ca(2+)/CaM-independent activity (60-70% of total activity) observed with the recombinant CaM-KKbeta isoform. By using various truncation mutants of CaM-KKbeta, we have identified a region of 23 amino acids (residues 129-151) located at the N-terminus of the catalytic domain as an important regulatory element of the autonomous activity. A CaM-KKbeta deletion mutant of this domain shows a significant increase of Ca(2+)/CaM dependency for the CaM-KK activity as well as for the autophosphorylation activity. The activities of CaM-KKalpha and CaM-KKbeta chimera, in which autoinhibitory sequences were replaced by each other, were completely dependent on Ca(2+)/CaM, suggesting that the autoinhibitory regions of CaM-KKalpha and CaM-KKbeta are functional. These results establish for the first time that residues 129-151 of CaM-KKbeta participate in the release of the autoinhibitory domain from its catalytic core, resulting in generation of autonomous activity.