Carbon monoxide modeling from transportation sources.

Street canyon module and gaussian line source module of a regional-scale dispersion model Indic Airviro were used to simulate ambient carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations due to traffic flow at two roadside monitoring locations in Singapore. The fleet average emission factors for each vehicle category was estimated from US EPA MOBILE 5 A guidelines as a function of speed, vehicle deterioration rates and model years. 1-h CO concentrations and worst case 8-h levels have been simulated and compared with measured readings. This study used model-simulated rooftop concentration levels from non-localized sources as background levels at the two sites. The resulting CO concentrations correlate well with actual measured levels and provide a unique approach to predict the impact of CO from transportation.