Ontogenetic changes in mantle kinematics during escape-jet locomotion in the oval squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830.

We investigated the kinematics of mantle movement during escape jet behavior in an ontogenetic series of Sepioteuthis lessoniana, the oval squid. Changes in mantle diameter during the jet were measured from digitized S-VHS video fields of tethered animals that ranged in age from hatchlings to 9 weeks. The amplitude of both mantle contraction and mantle hyperinflation (expressed as percent change from the resting mantle diameter) during an escape jet was significantly greater in hatchlings than in older, larger squid (P < 0.05). The maximum amplitude of mantle contraction during the escape jet decreased from an average of -40% in hatchlings to -30% in the largest animals studied. The maximum amplitude of mantle hyperinflation decreased from an average of 18% in hatchlings to 9% in the largest squid examined. In addition, the maximum rate of mantle contraction decreased significantly during ontogeny (P < 0.05), from a maximum of 8.6 mantle circumference lengths per second (L/s) in hatchlings to 3.8 L/s in the largest animals studied. The ontogenetic changes in the mantle kinematics of the escape jet occurred concomitantly with changes in the organization of collagenous connective tissue fiber networks in the mantle. The alteration in mantle kinematics during growth may result in proportionately greater mass flux during the escape jet in newly hatched squid than in larger animals.