Comparative proteomics of bacterial pathogens.

The monitoring of gene expression via the technologies encompassed under the term 'proteomics' allows proteins of significance to be related to phenotypes associated with strain variability, environmental influences and the effects of genetic manipulation. The characterizations of these molecules are routinely performed utilising two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis in association with mass spectrometry for the identification of proteins. Pathogenic bacteria are suitable for proteomic comparisons in the aim of elucidating proteins with vaccine and diagnostic applications, as well as determining novel targets for drug design and the effects of these drugs on cellular physiology. Strains exhibiting diverse phenotypes including antibiotic or chemical resistances, altered mode of pathogenicity, or differential capability of growth in similar environments, can be compared via protein differential display to correlate relative protein abundances associated with these conditions. Technically, proteins are 'mapped' on 2-D arrays under 'standard' conditions and visually compared to arrays of proteins from a variety of test conditions. High-throughput technologies allow molecules of significance to be elucidated rapidly from within complex mixtures using a combination of cellular pre fractionation to determine cellular location and pathway predictions to aid in overcoming the limitations of 2-D gel technology for the analysis of whole proteomes.