The direct visuo-motor pathway in mammalian superior colliculus; novel perspective on the interlaminar connection.

The mammalian superior colliculus (SC) is a center controlling the orienting behaviors such as saccadic eye movements. The superficial layers receive visual inputs and the deeper layers send descending motor command to the brainstem and spinal cord. Existence of the interlaminar connection from the superficial to the deeper layers has been an issue of debate during the last two decades. Recent studies have proved the existence of the interlaminar connection by introducing the in vitro slice preparations. When the collicular circuit is disinhibited from gamma-amino butyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptor-mediated inhibition, the signal transmission through the interlaminar connection is enormously facilitated and neurons in the deeper layers exhibit bursting response to stimulation of the superficial layer with non-linear amplification mechanism that depends on the activation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors. In addition, the cholinergic input to the intermediate layer lowers the threshold for the bursting response and facilitates the transmission through the interlaminar connection via activation of nicotinic receptors. The signal transmission through the interlaminar connection may lead to execution of extremely short latency saccades called express saccades.