Recent advances in our understanding of rhodopsin and phototransduction.

The present models of phototransduction for vertebrates and invertebrates have been reviewed and the relative literature updated. The emerging picture for vertebrate phototransduction is a result of a better knowledge of its general outlines, although some important details such as the role of calcium ions are still lacking. The molecular events involved in the rising phase of the electrical response have basically been understood, whilst those involved in response inactivation and recovery remain to be elucidated. In an overall strategy, the phototransduction in invertebrates shares a great deal of similarity with that in vertebrates but differs in the underlying molecular events. However, a complete picture of phototransduction in invertebrate photoreceptors has not yet emerged. The available data on the structure of the visual pigment rhodopsin reveal further details on the present model of the retinal-binding pocket of the protein and consequently of the "red shift" of the absorbance of retinal. The problem of the energy supplied during photoreception, in particular, the availability of ATP in the rod outer segment and the presence in the disk membranes of a Ca-ATPase are discussed. Finally, recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of inherited retinal diseases and relative gene identification are summarized.