Selecting topical and systemic agents for recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral diseases worldwide. Although the exact etiology of RAS remains unknown, a variety of topical and systemic preparations may be used for palliation or prevention. In most patients with RAS, topical agents, including over-the-counter preparations such as amlexanox, prescribed corticosteroids, or antimicrobial agents, are sufficient to control the disease. Patients with frequent exacerbations or those with a severe form of RAS that is unresponsive to topical treatments often require systemic agents to control their disease. These include corticosteroids, colchicine, dapsone, pentoxifylline, and thalidomide. All therapies are palliative, and none result in permanent remission.