The use of optical flow to characterize muscle contraction.

Muscle contraction is usually measured and characterized with force and displacement transducers. The contraction of muscle fibers, however, evokes in the tissue a two and even three-dimensional displacement field, which is not properly quantified by these transducers because they provide just a single scalar quantity. This problem can be circumvented by using optical measurements and standard tools of computer vision, developed for the analysis of time varying image sequences. By computing the so called optical flow, i.e. the apparent motion of points in a time varying image sequence, it is possible to recover a two-dimensional motion field, describing rather precisely the displacement caused by muscle contraction in a flattened piece of skin. The obtained two-dimensional optical flow can be further analyzed by computing its elementary deformation components, providing a novel and accurate characterization of the contraction induced by different motoneurons. This technique is demonstrated analyzing the displacement caused by muscle contraction in the skin of the leech, Hirudo medicinalis. The proposed technique can be applied to monitor and characterize all contractions in almost flat tissues with enough visual texture.