The interaction of humic substances with cationic polyelectrolytes.

The anionic charge carried by aquatic humic substances plays a major part in their interaction with metal ions and other cationic species. Removal of such substances by coagulation and flocculation can be, at least partly, determined by charge neutralisation. In this work, the charge densities of a commercial humic acid and an aquatic humic extract have been investigated by studying their interactions with a series of synthetic cationic polyelectrolytes. These covered a range of charge densities and molecular weights. The techniques used were colloid titration by spectrophotometry and streaming current detection, and flocculation determined by colour removal and by an optical monitoring method. For a given cationic polyelectrolyte, all four methods gave charge densities for humic substances which were in good agreement. However, systematic differences in the apparent humic charge density were found, depending on the charge density of the cationic polyelectrolyte used. With low charge density polyelectrolytes, the apparent anionic charge of the humic substances was found to be low. With higher polyelectrolyte charge densities, the apparent humic substance charge density increases and reaches a limiting value when the polyelectrolyte charge is greater than about 3 meq/g. This indicates a non-stoichiometric interaction between the anionic sites of the humic substances and the cationic charges of the low-charge polyelectrolytes. Optimum flocculation of humics occurred with less cationic charge in the case of low-charge polyelectrolytes than those with higher charge density. However, the degree of removal was considerably better in the latter case. In all cases, the molecular weight of the cationic polyelectrolytes (over a range from about 50,000 to 15 million) appeared to have no effect on the results.