Flow cytometry in biotechnology.

Flow cytometry is a general method for rapidly analyzing large numbers of cells individually using light-scattering, fluorescence, and absorbence measurements. The power of this method lies both in the wide range of cellular parameters that can be determined and in the ability to obtain information on how these parameters are distributed in the cell population. Flow cytometric assays have been developed to determine both cellular characteristics such as size, membrane potential, and intracellular pH, and the levels of cellular components such as DNA, protein, surface receptors, and calcium. Measurements that reveal the distribution of these parameters in cell populations are important for biotechnology, because they better describe the population than the average values obtained from traditional techniques. This Mini-Review provides an overview of the principles of flow cytometry, with descriptions of methods used to measure various cellular parameters and examples of the application of flow cytometry in biotechnology. Finally, a discussion of the challenges and limitations of the method is presented along with a future outlook.