Gravitropism of the primary root of maize: a complex pattern of differential cellular growth in the cortex independent of the microtubular cytoskeleton.

The spatio-temporal sequence of cellular growth within the post-mitotic inner and outer cortical tissue of the apex of the primary root of maize (Zea mays L.) was investigated during its orthogravitropic response. In the early phase (0-30 min) of the graviresponse there was a strong inhibition of cell lengthening in the outer cortex at the lower side of the root, whereas lengthening was only slightly impaired in the outer cortex at the upper side. Initially, inhibition of differential cell lengthening was less pronounced in the inner cortex indicating that tissue tensions which, in these circumstances, inevitably develop at the outer-inner cortex interface, might help to drive the onset of the root bending. At later stages of the graviresponse (60 min), when a root curvature had already developed, cells of the inner cortex then exhibited a prominent cell length differential between upper and lower sides, whereas the outer cortex cells had re-established similar lengths. Again, tissue tensions associated with the different patterns of cellular behaviour in the inner and outer cortex tissues, could be of relevance in terminating the root bending. The perception of gravity and the complex tissue-specific growth responses both proceeded normally in roots which were rendered devoid of microtubules by colchicine and oryzalin treatments. The lack of involvement of microtubules in the graviresponse was supported by several other lines of evidence. For instance, although taxol stabilized the cortical microtubules and prevented their re-orientation in post-mitotic cortical cells located at the lower side of gravistimulated roots, root bending developed normally. In contrast, when gravistimulated roots were physically prevented from bending, re-oriented arrays of cortical microtubules were seen in all post-mitotic cortical cells, irrespective of their position within the root.