Laboratory studies of the infrared spectral properties of CO in astrophysical ices.

Analysis of laboratory spectra of numerous astrophysical ice analogs demonstrates that the exact band position, width, and profile of the solid state CO fundamental near 2137 cm-1 (4.679 microns) can provide important information on the physical conditions present during the ice accretion phase as well as during any subsequent thermal processes and radiation exposure. In the ices studied, the CO peak position varies from 2134 to 2144 cm-1 (4.686 to 4.664 microns) and the band width from 2.1 to over 20 cm-1 depending on the composition of the ice. In an ice matrix dominated by H2O, the CO peak falls at 2136.7 cm-1, has a full width at half-maximum of about 9 cm-1, and shows a prominent sideband at 2152 cm-1. This sideband and minor structure superposed on the main band arise from CO trapped in different matrix sites. These features provide information concerning the thermal and radiation history of the ice. The solid CO band in interstellar spectra often has contributions from broad (12 cm-1) and narrow (5 cm-1) components. We identify the broad component with CO intimately mixed in matrices dominated by polar molecules, of which H2O is likely to be the major component. Examination of the interstellar and laboratory band profiles shows that either the abundance of nonpoplar impurities in these ices must be less than 10% or the ices have been thermally annealed or processed by ultraviolet radiation. The narrow component is likely to originate from grain mantles dominated by nonpolar molecules such as CO2. These components reflect differences in the physical and chemical conditions in regions of the cloud along the line of sight. Laboratory determination of the absorption strength of the CO fundamental in H2O-rich ices showed that the value used in the past was approximately 60% too low and that most previously determined solid-state CO column densities have been systematically overestimated. The rich spectral behavior of the CO band observed in the laboratory studies clearly indicates that future high-quality astronomical spectra in the 2200-2100 cm-1 range can produce a wealth of new information and provide deeper insights into the nature of astrophysical ices.