Rank and grooming reciprocity among females in a mixed-sex group of captive hamadryas baboons.

In a mixed-sex, captive group of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas) we investigated whether female grooming relationships are affected by their dominance ranks. Seyfarth's [1977] grooming for support model and Barrett et al.'s [1999] biological market model both predict that in primate groups where competition for monopolizable resources is high, grooming among females is based, at least partly, on the interchange of grooming for rank-related benefits, and that rank thus influences the distribution of grooming in females. Contrary to this prediction, our results show that despite the existence of a linear dominance hierarchy, rather strict dominance relationships, and high food-related aggression rates, grooming among female hamadryas baboons is not affected by rank and is only exchanged for itself. This is understandable since rank differences in our study group only result in differential access to limited, preferred food items that are not actively shared. Although some females are more likely to tolerate one another at the food pile, this tolerance is not determined by their grooming efforts and interchange of grooming for rank-related benefits does not occur. We conclude that female hamadryas baboons groom others in order to be groomed by them, which is supported by our observation that grooming reciprocity within a dyad increases when more grooming occurs in this dyad. Our results indicate that grooming is indeed a valuable commodity in itself, probably because of its stress- and tension-reducing effect. Based on our findings, the existing groom trade model is extended to include circumstances in which monopolizable resources are available but are not traded for grooming. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.