The history of spina bifida, hydrocephalus, paraplegia, and incontinence.

This paper covers the history since ancient times of spina bifida (SB) and its main associated conditions, viz., hydrocephalus, paraplegia and incontinence. Particular stress has been placed on the ancient authors who recognised these conditions. The article concludes with the history of some general aspects of SB and the dilemmas in its treatment.