Congenital hydrocephalus.

Congenital hydrocephalus results from a variety of causes, some of the most common include spina bifida (myelomeningocele), aqueductal stenosis, and Dandy-Walker malformation. In addition, a number of cases result from genetic causes, other malformations, postinfectious, or neoplastic conditions. Outcome varies with cause but can be favorable. Most cases still are managed with shunting, although endoscopic modalities also can be considered.