BACKGROUND: Treatment of pregnant mice with 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (2CdA) on day 8 of gestation induces microphthalmia through a mechanism coupled to the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The present study defines 2CdA dosimetry with respect to exposure (pharmacokinetics), p53 protein induction, and disease (microphthalmia). METHODS: Pregnant CD-1 mice dosed with 0.5-10.0 mg/kg 2CdA on day 8 provided fetuses for teratological evaluation; 2CdA was measured by HPLC in the antimesometrium through 180 min postexposure, and p53 was assessed with immunostaining of the embryo through 270 min. 5'-/3'-RACE was used to sequence the candidate gene for 2CdA bioactivation from target cells. RESULTS: Microphthalmia appeared first in the dose-response curve. The highest 2CdA dose having no observable adverse effect (NOAEL) was 1.5 mg/kg; the benchmark dose that produced an extra 5% risk of microphthalmia (BMD(5)) was 2.5 mg/kg, and the lower confidence limit (BMDL) was 2.0 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic parameters for doses encompassing the threshold (1.5-2.5 mg/kg) were modeled at 1.0-1.8 microM (C(max)) and 30-80 microM-min (AUC). The p53 response was not detected below the BMDL; however, a low-grade response appeared 4.5 hr after a teratogenic dose (5.0 mg/kg), and high-grade induction followed an embryolethal dose (10.0 mg/kg). RACE identified a novel splice variant of mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase, dGK-3, as the likely candidate for 2CdA bioactivation in the embryo. CONCLUSIONS: Microphthalmia represented the critical effect malformation of 2CdA. The findings suggest a mitochondrial mechanism for 2CdA bioactivation, leading to an embryonic p53 response only after 2CdA elimination and implying pharmacodynamic coupling to the exposure-disease continuum. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BACKGROUND: Treatment of pregnant mice with 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (2CdA) on day 8 of gestation induces microphthalmia through a mechanism coupled to the p53tumor suppressor gene. The present study defines 2CdA dosimetry with respect to exposure (pharmacokinetics), p53 protein induction, and disease (microphthalmia). METHODS: Pregnant CD-1 mice dosed with 0.5-10.0 mg/kg 2CdA on day 8 provided fetuses for teratological evaluation; 2CdA was measured by HPLC in the antimesometrium through 180 min postexposure, and p53 was assessed with immunostaining of the embryo through 270 min. 5'-/3'-RACE was used to sequence the candidate gene for 2CdA bioactivation from target cells. RESULTS:Microphthalmia appeared first in the dose-response curve. The highest 2CdA dose having no observable adverse effect (NOAEL) was 1.5 mg/kg; the benchmark dose that produced an extra 5% risk of microphthalmia (BMD(5)) was 2.5 mg/kg, and the lower confidence limit (BMDL) was 2.0 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic parameters for doses encompassing the threshold (1.5-2.5 mg/kg) were modeled at 1.0-1.8 microM (C(max)) and 30-80 microM-min (AUC). The p53 response was not detected below the BMDL; however, a low-grade response appeared 4.5 hr after a teratogenic dose (5.0 mg/kg), and high-grade induction followed an embryolethal dose (10.0 mg/kg). RACE identified a novel splice variant of mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase, dGK-3, as the likely candidate for 2CdA bioactivation in the embryo. CONCLUSIONS:Microphthalmia represented the critical effect malformation of 2CdA. The findings suggest a mitochondrial mechanism for 2CdA bioactivation, leading to an embryonic p53 response only after 2CdA elimination and implying pharmacodynamic coupling to the exposure-disease continuum. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.