In vivo analysis of intramuscular gene transfer in human subjects studied by on-line ultrasound imaging.

The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that intramuscular (i.m.) injection of naked DNA leads to distribution of the injectate remote from the site of needle placement, a finding that might be expected to facilitate i.m. gene transfer. Transcutaneous ultrasound imaging was employed to monitor online the extent to which a solution of phVEGF165 was distributed among the skeletal musculature during 288 i.m. injections in 18 consecutive patients. In 237 (82.3%) of 288 muscle sites, the injection was performed into the distal calf muscle. In 51 (17.7%) of 288 muscle sites, injection was performed into the first and/or second interosseous muscles of the dorsal foot. Unperturbed muscle was recognized by a characteristic echogenic, stippled texture that was bounded by more intensely echogenic fascia. When i.m. gene transfer was performed into the calf muscles, the injectate was distributed along a longitudinal dimension of 3.59 +/- 0.79 cm (1.39-5.87 cm); the corresponding area of injectate measured by on-line planimetry was 1.83 +/- 0.51 cm2 (0.62-3.41 cm2). When i.m. gene transfer was performed into the interosseous muscles of the foot, the longitudinal extent of injectate distribution was 2.49 +/- 0.66 cm (1.61-3.91 cm), with a corresponding injectate area of 1.71 +/- 0.54 cm2 (0.51-2.86 cm2). These findings establish that a solution of plasmid DNA administered by direct i.m. injection into the skeletal muscles of the limb is distributed well beyond the site of needle entry. Thus, the use of multiple injections performed at different sites is likely to result in broad distribution of DNA injectate, a physical factor that may act to facilitate naked DNA and/or other gene transfer strategies.