Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis of fish nodaviruses based on the coat protein gene.

We have amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequenced a 605-bp fragment covering the variable region of the coat protein gene of fish nodaviruses infecting European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (n = 24), and shi drum, Umbrina cirrosa (n = 2), in the Mediterranean basin. Nine new isolates were identified and their sequences were combined with sequences in the literature to produce three different data sets. The first set, based on amino acid sequences, was used to verify the monophyly of fish nodaviruses. The second and third data sets, based on nucleic acids, were used to resolve the phylogenetic relationships between closely related fish nodaviruses. Phylogenetic analyses were performed according to the maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining methods. Our results support the monophyly of fish nodaviruses. Moreover, they confirm the subdivision of fish nodaviruses into four main clusters, in agreement with the previously suggested phylogeny of the genus Piscinodavirus, that was based on a smaller number of sequences and an alternative phylogenetic approach [14]. All the Mediterranean isolates were clustered in the group of the red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus and appear to have a restricted geographic distribution, except for one sequence-type (10 samples) that is widespread throughout the basin.